Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): Understanding the Symptoms and Risks

January 6, 2025 | 07:53 pm

TEMPO.CO, Jakarta - Reports of a surge in respiratory infections in China have resurfaced, five years after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The virus identified as the primary cause of this increase is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) has raised alarms around the world. Images of crowded hospitals in China have reminded many of the early days of the pandemic.

However, it is important to avoid panic. Understanding HMPV is crucial before taking any further action. Citing Independent, Cleveland Clinic, WebMD, this article provides in-depth information about the HMPV virus.

What is HMPV?

Human Metapneumovirus or HMPV is a respiratory virus belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, which also includes viruses like influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). HPMV commonly causes cold-like symptoms, including nasal congestion, cough, fever, and fatigue, lasting from three to six days. 

This virus is considered very common, but those with weakened immune systems, infants, and the elderly are at risk of experiencing more severe symptoms.

Is HMPV Contagious?

Just like other viruses, HMPV is contagious and spreads from person to person. Since its first identification in 2001, HMPV has been widely known to have a seasonal pattern, typically occurring during winter and spring.   

How Does HMPV Spread?

HMPV spreads through similar mechanisms as other respiratory viruses, including:

• Respiratory droplets

When an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, droplets containing the virus can be inhaled by nearby individuals. 

• Direct Contact

Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching one's face can transmit the virus.   

• Close Contact

Having close interactions with infected individuals, including hugging and shaking hands, can facilitate transmission.

Who Is at Risk of HMPV Infection?

While anyone can catch HMPV, certain groups are at a higher risk of developing more severe illness. These include:

• Infants

• Children under the age of 5

• Older adults above the age of 65

• People with chronic lung or heart conditions, such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and asthma

• People with weakened immune systems.

HMPV Symptoms

HMPV symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on the individual’s personal conditions of age and health. These are the common symptoms:

• Coughing

• Fever

• Nasal congestion

• Sore throat

• Fatigue

• Muscle aches

• Shortness of breath

In severe cases, HMPV can lead to serious complications like pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, asthma or COPD flare-ups, and ear infections that require medical attention.

HMPV Treatments

HMPV is a not deadly virus, and there are no specific antiviral treatments available. Supportive care at home is typically sufficient for most people to recover. This may include:

• Taking enough rest to help the immune system fight off the virus

• Taking over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen and ibuprofen to relieve the body aches and fever

• Using decongestants to help manage a runny nose

• In more severe cases, oxygen support may be required.

HMPV vs. COVID-19

Looking at the big picture, HMPV and COVID-19 share several similarities, from common symptoms to the potential for hospitalization. However, the primary difference between the two lies in treatment. 

COVID-19 has specific antiviral therapies available, whereas HMPV treatment relies on basic supportive care, including rest, pain relief, and nasal sprays. Another key distinction is that HMPV is a seasonal virus, while COVID-19 has shown the ability to circulate year-round.

Indonesia's Minister of Health, Budi Gunadi Sadikin, has also highlighted a difference between HMPV and COVID-19 in terms of the viruses' novelty. COVID-19 was a new virus, which initially challenged the human body's immune response. In contrast, HMPV is a common virus, meaning the immune system is generally already familiar with it and knows how to mount an effective response.

Editor’s Choice: Indonesian Health Minister: HMPV Virus Not Deadly

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