Dual Citizenship in Europe: Countries, Requirements, and Pathways

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January 23, 2025 | 07:45 pm

TEMPO.CO, JakartaMany European countries prioritize the welfare of their people, and even individuals want to obtain dual citizenship in Europe. Despite the extensive process that might be costly and time-consuming, it’s not impossible to enjoy more than one passport convenience. 

In this article, we’ll reveal several countries that allow dual citizenship in Europe including the benefits of getting one, and other key requirements cited from Lexidy and Visa Guide World

What is Dual Citizenship in Europe?

Dual citizenship is when someone owns two different nationalities at the same time. Rather than renouncing the first nationality, the notion of dual citizenship is enjoying the rights of both countries’ citizens. 

As responsible dual citizens, they have access to education, healthcare, social benefits, and voting rights. Besides that, they are also bound to the laws of both countries. 

List of Countries that Permit Dual Citizenship in Europe 

Currently, many countries allow dual citizenship in Europe, including: 

  • Belgium: Through naturalization, descent, or residency. 
  • Bulgaria: By birth, descent, or investment. 
  • Croatia: Through naturalization or descent after years of residence. 
  • Cyprus: Through descent, birth, or citizenship-by-investment. 
  • Czech: Through descent or naturalization. 
  • Denmark: By birth, descent, or residency. 
  • Finland: By birth, descent, or residency. 
  • France: By birth or through naturalization.
  • Germany: Through descent or naturalization in some cases. 
  • Greece: Allow dual citizenship. 
  • Hungary: Through descent or naturalization. 
  • Ireland: Through descent or naturalization. 
  • Italy: Through descent or naturalization. 
  • Latvia: Through naturalization or descent. 
  • Luxembourg: Through descent, birth, or naturalization. 
  • Malta: Through descent, birth, or investment. 
  • Netherlands: Birth, or marriage. 
  • Poland: Through descent or naturalization. 
  • Portugal: Allow dual citizenship. 
  • Romania: Through descent or residency. 
  • Sweden: By birth, descent, or naturalization.
  • Slovenia: Through descent or naturalization. 

Some countries permitting dual citizenship in Europe above might have stricter requirements than others. It’s important to stay updated with the latest expatriate news. 

How to Get Dual Citizenship in Europe?

To obtain dual citizenship in any of the European countries, there are four different pathways as follow: 

  • Naturalization: Individuals living in European countries above may apply for dual citizenship if they have a work visa, have worked for at least five years, or have been married to an EU citizen for three years or longer. 
  • Birth (The Right of Ground): Individuals born in the list of countries allowing dual citizenship in Europe gain the right to be acknowledged in the program. Depending on the country, you are not eligible for dual citizenship if your parents have not lived there for 3 to 10 years before. 
  • Descent: Having lineage from either your parents or grandparents who are an EU citizen allows individuals to obtain dual citizenship in Europe. 
  • Investment: A residency program, Golden Visa, enables wealthy individuals and their families to obtain residence permits in a foreign country through large investments after living for 5 to 10 years in the country. 

Acquiring dual citizenship in Europe opens up some opportunities, from enhanced travel freedom to access to better education, healthcare, and social benefits. If you are interested in leveraging your investment scale, check out the list of best citizenship by investment countries here.

Editor's Choice: 7 Advantages of Dual Citizenship, More Freedom and Opportunities

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